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	<title>Parissa Haghirian</title>
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	<link>http://parissahaghirian.com</link>
	<description>The official website of Dr. Parissa Haghirian, an Austrian Associate Professor of International Management and Writer on J-Management. She currently lectures at Sophia University in Tokyo.</description>
	<pubDate>Mon, 15 Mar 2010 17:59:21 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>Parissa`s New Article: Toyota - Lost in Translation (In German)</title>
		<link>http://parissahaghirian.com/parissas-life-in-japan/parissas-new-article-toyota-lost-in-translation-in-german/</link>
		<comments>http://parissahaghirian.com/parissas-life-in-japan/parissas-new-article-toyota-lost-in-translation-in-german/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 15 Mar 2010 17:59:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Parissa Haghirian</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Parissa`s Life in Japan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://parissahaghirian.com/?p=1357</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Gastkommentar: Toyota – Lost in Translation
Innerhalb kürzester Zeit hat sich der weltweit erfolgreichste Autobauer in einen PR-Problemfall verwandelt.
Von Dr. Parissa Haghirian
  
From Hero to Zero, anders kann man Toyotas Imageverlust wohl nicht zusammenfassen. Innerhalb kürzester Zeit hat sich der weltweit erfolgreichste Autobauer in einen PR-Problemfall verwandelt. Die Lehre für jeden internationalen Manager: Interkulturelle Missverständnisse [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Gastkommentar: Toyota – Lost in Translation</h1>
<h3 class="subheadline">Innerhalb kürzester Zeit hat sich der weltweit erfolgreichste Autobauer in einen PR-Problemfall verwandelt.</h3>
<p class="subheadline">Von Dr. Parissa Haghirian</p>
<p><!--Article picture ENDE--> <!--mehr zum Thema START--> <!--mehr zum Thema END--><!--Flex right side START--><!--Flex right side END--><!--Flex right side advertisiment START--></p>
<div class="am_st clear">From Hero to Zero<a id="amzn_cl_link_0" name="3795755425" href="http://amazon.de/gp/product/3795755425?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=wirtschaftsbl-21&amp;link_code=em1&amp;camp=2510&amp;creative=11134&amp;creativeASIN=3795755425&amp;adid=00ffe60b-1881-406c-8388-4c244b1d73b8" target="_blank"></a>, anders kann man Toyotas Imageverlust wohl nicht zusammenfassen. Innerhalb kürzester Zeit hat sich der weltweit erfolgreichste Autobauer in einen PR-Problemfall verwandelt. Die Lehre für jeden internationalen Manager: Interkulturelle Missverständnisse können eine jahrzehntelange Erfolgsstory auf einen Schlag beenden.</div>
<p><!--Flex right side advertisiment END--></p>
<p><!--FlexModule Right side done--> <!--article right side end-->Toyota, Gott unter Japans Unternehmen, baute seinen Erfolg vor allem auf traditionelle fernöstliche Stärken auf. Die japanische Liebe für komplizierte Prozesse ließ das Unternehmen weltweit am effizientesten von allen Autos bauen. Hohe Kundenorientierung – eine weitere japanische Spezialität – sorgte für Hitprodukte.</p>
<p>Doch so erfolgreich der Konzern auf dem Weltmärkten auch agiert, in der jüngsten Krise wurden Toyota just seine japanischen Eigenschaften zum Verhängnis. Anstatt mit Unterstützung von US-Experten für Krisen-PR rasch und entschlossen zu handeln, wurde anfangs mit Beschwicht­igungen und Entschuldigungen reagiert, um Zeit zu gewinnen. Keine gute Strategie, um amerikanische Kunden – die Konzernen gegenüber ein reges Misstrauen hegen – zu beruhigen.</p>
<p>Das Kongress-Hearing wurde zum Clash of Cultures<a id="amzn_cl_link_1" name="0521639573" href="http://amazon.de/gp/product/0521639573?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=wirtschaftsbl-21&amp;link_code=em1&amp;camp=2510&amp;creative=11134&amp;creativeASIN=0521639573&amp;adid=3943f450-4575-47c8-814f-f06c85103784" target="_blank"></a>. Die amerikanische Seite suchte in Akio Toyoda einen Einzel­verantwortlichen und Hauptschuldigen. Der Firmen­chef hingegen, der in seinem Unternehmen keine Entscheidungen allein fällt, sondern vor allem eine Koordinations­funktion hat, schien die meiste Zeit nicht recht zu wissen, wie ihm geschieht. Seine schlechten Englischkenntnisse und die langwierigen Übersetzungen festigten das Bild vom führungsschwachen Autokonzern. Vorurteile und Schadenfreude der US-Presse taten ihr Übriges. Daimler oder BMW hätten es mit einem ähnlichen Problem wohl kaum aufs „Time Magazine“-Cover geschafft.</p>
<p>Fazit: Schäden in Millionenhöhe und ein nachhaltiger Imageverlust, der dem Unternehmen noch lange zu schaffen machen wird.</p>
<p><strong>Kulturelles Missverständnis.</strong></p>
<p>Die Geschehnisse zeigen, dass – Globalisierung hin oder her – interkulturelle Missverständnisse immer noch unterschätzt werden. Denn trotz der unglaublichen Anpassungsfähigkeit und Kundenorientierung, die Toyota vor allem in westlichen Industrieländern zeigt, ist und bleibt es ein durch und durch japanisches Unternehmen und kann in einer Krise nur „japanisch“ reagieren.</p>
<p>Toyota sollte es besser ­wissen und ist trotzdem kein Ausnahmefall. Westliche Unternehmen in Asien begehen die gleichen Fehler. Bleibt nur zu hoffen, dass alle aus dem Toyota-Fall lernen.</p>
<p><em>* Parissa Haghirian ist Associate Professor für Internationales Management an der Sophia Universität in Tokio</em></p>
<p><a href="http://www.wirtschaftsblatt.at/home/meinung/gastkommentare/412067/index.do?_vl_backlink=/home/meinung/index.do&amp;_vl_pos=3.DT">Wirtschaftsblatt.at</a><em><br />
</em></p>
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		<title>Podcast Episode 22 Changes in Japanese Management Styles</title>
		<link>http://parissahaghirian.com/podcasts/podcast-episode-22-changes-in-japanese-management-styles/</link>
		<comments>http://parissahaghirian.com/podcasts/podcast-episode-22-changes-in-japanese-management-styles/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 08 Mar 2010 14:39:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Parissa Haghirian</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Podcasts]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://parissahaghirian.com/?p=1349</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[


This is the twenty-second podcast episode of the Management in Japan podcast series of Sophia University Students.
Podcast Episode 22
Changes in Japanese Management Styles narrated by Noel Billet

Slides Changes in Japanese Management Styles by Noel Billet
The podcasts and slides are part of a student project related to the book &#8220;J-Management; Fresh Perspectives on the Japanese Firm in the 21st [...]]]></description>
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<p>This is the twenty-second podcast episode of the Management in Japan podcast series of Sophia University Students.</p>
<h3>Podcast Episode 22</h3>
<h3><strong>Changes in Japanese Management Styles narrated b</strong>y Noel Billet</h3>
<h3><strong></strong></h3>
<h3>Slides <a href="http://parissahaghirian.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/22_changes_in_japanese_management_by_noel_billet.ppt">Changes in Japanese Management Styles</a> by Noel Billet</h3>
<p>The podcasts and slides are part of a student project related to the book &#8220;J-Management; Fresh Perspectives on the Japanese Firm in the 21st Century&#8221; edited by Dr. Parissa Haghirian of <a href="http://www.fla.sophia.ac.jp/">Sophia University</a> in Tokyo.</div>
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		<item>
		<title>Parissa`s New Article: Ist Japanisches Management Strategisch? (In German)</title>
		<link>http://parissahaghirian.com/parissas-life-in-japan/parissas-new-article-ist-japanisches-management-strategisch-in-german/</link>
		<comments>http://parissahaghirian.com/parissas-life-in-japan/parissas-new-article-ist-japanisches-management-strategisch-in-german/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 03 Mar 2010 08:47:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Parissa Haghirian</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Parissa`s Life in Japan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://parissahaghirian.com/?p=1338</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Ist japanisches Management strategisch? (Japan MARKT, Maerz 2010)
  von Parissa Haghirian  
Japans Unternehmen gelten als prozessorientiert und legen Wert auf detaillierte Abläufe. Echte Strategien dagegen scheinen auf den ersten Blick kaum eine Rolle zu spielen. Die Unterschiede zum westlichen Vorgehen beginnen schon bei der Entwicklung von Management-Zielen.
Sucht man in Buchläden nach Literatur asiatischer Managementstrategien, scheinen hier die [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Ist japanisches Management strategisch? (Japan MARKT, Maerz 2010)</h2>
<p><strong>  von Parissa Haghirian</strong><strong>  </strong></p>
<h4>Japans Unternehmen gelten als prozessorientiert und legen Wert auf detaillierte Abläufe. Echte Strategien dagegen scheinen auf den ersten Blick kaum eine Rolle zu spielen. Die Unterschiede zum westlichen Vorgehen beginnen schon bei der Entwicklung von Management-Zielen.</h4>
<p>Sucht man in Buchläden nach Literatur asiatischer Managementstrategien, scheinen hier die Chinesen die Nase vorn zu haben. Vor allem Sun Tsu, chinesischer Kriegsherr, dominiert seit mehreren Jahrtausenden das strategische Denken - in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten auch das von internationalen Managern. Zum japanischen Management scheint Strategie</p>
<p>nicht ganz zu passen. Zwar gibt es einige Veröffentlichungen zum traditionellen Denken der Samurai und ihren Einflüssen auf das heutige Management, doch in der Management-L iteratur überwiegt eindeutig die Prozessorientierung mit einem besonders Fokus auf das Produktionsmanagement.</p>
<p>Das wohl bekannteste Schlagwort, <em>kaizen</em>, galt lange als Geheimnis japanischen Erfolgs. Von strategischen Ansätzen im japanischen Management dagegen ist wenig bekannt. Gibt es Strategien im japanischen Management? Und wie sehen diese in der Unternehmensrealität aus?</p>
<h4> Prozess versus Strategie</h4>
<p>Alle, die in Japan leben und arbeiten, erleben jeden Tag, dass japanisches Management besonders prozessorientiert ist. Japans Unternehmen konzentrieren sich außerordentlich stark auf ihre Arbeitsabläufe, die detailgetreu und mit hoher Motivation durchgeführt werden. Grund für diese Vorgehensweise ist die japanische Gruppenorientierung. Um gute und harmonische Zusammenarbeit zu gewährleisten, müssen sich alle Mitglieder einer Organisation an Vorgaben und Regeln halten. Das gilt für alle Prozesse im Unternehmen, sei es bürokratische Abläufe oder Produktionsvorgänge. In vielen Managementbereichen hat diese Einstellung und Arbeitsmoral große Vorteile. Vor allem im japanischen Servicemanagement führen sie zu hoher Kundenzufriedenheit. Auch in einer der herausragendsten Stärken japanischen Managements, dem Produktionsmanagement, wirken sich die japanische Liebe zu Details und Genauigkeit positiv auf das Endergebnis aus. Unabhängig von der aktuellen Diskussion: Unternehmen wie Toyota konnten Weltruhm erlangen. Mit gut trainierten Mitarbeitern, die Autos in hoher Qualität und mit niedriger Fehlerquote bauen.</p>
<p>Aber eine hohe Prozessorientierung hat auch negative Seiten. In der japanischen Arbeitsrealität führt sie zu starren und vorschriftsmäßig durchgeführten Abläufen. Man versuche nur, in einem japanischen Restaurant eine Bestellung etwas abzuwandeln, einen bürokratischen Prozess zu verkürzen. Meist führt das zu unvorstellbaren Komplikationen und seitens der Nichtjapaner zu Kopfschütteln. Jeder Expatriate hat solche Situationen schon erlebt und ist erstaunt (wenn nicht geschockt), warum kleine Änderungen oft so große Probleme bereiten können. Man wird in Japan auch kaum erleben, dass japanische Mitarbeiter eigenständig einen Arbeitsablauf verändern, selbst wenn dieser noch so unsinnig, veraltet oder falsch ist. Denn in den meisten Fällen können Arbeitsprozesse nicht von einer Einzelperson geändert werden, sondern nur nach Übereinstimmung mit anderen Team- oder Gruppenmitgliedern.</p>
<h3> Strategie in Ost und West</h3>
<p>Japanisches Management ist also überaus prozessorientiert und stellt den Arbeitsablauf (<em>operation</em>) immer in den Vordergrund. Doch wie sieht es mit Strategien im japanischen Management aus?</p>
<p> Strategisches Management ist in Japan wohl zu finden, jedoch warden Strategien ganz anders entwickelt und haben im japanischen Unternehmen eine sehr unterschiedliche Bedeutung. In einem deutschen Unternehmen beginnt die Entwicklung einer Strategie mit der Definition eines Unternehmensziels. Strategische Ziele werden in westlichen Unternehmen sehr detailliert definiert und sind klar messbar. Sie müssen zudem realistisch, messbar (am besten in erhöhten Umsatz- und Gewinnzahlen) und in einem zeitlichen Rahmen durchführbar sein. Diese drei Faktoren erlauben es, die Zielerreichung am Ende genau zu überprüfen. Basierend auf dem definierten Zielen werden danach Strategien entwickelt (Plan A, Plan B etc.). In vielen Fällen sind diese Strategien sehr unterschiedlich und die beste Strategie wird ausgewählt. Danach wird die Strategie durchgeführt und führt, wenn alles nach Plan läuft, zur Zielerreichung. Am Ende des Prozesses werden alle Abläufe kontrolliert und danach werden neue Ziele entwickelt.</p>
<p>Viele Unternehmen sind bei der Entwicklung und Erreichung von strategischen Zielen konzentriert, sich von anderen Unternehmen abzuheben und zu unterscheiden. Vor allem bei der Produktentwicklung oder der Positionierung und Ausrichtung des Unternehmens wollen westliche Unternehmen ihre Individualität bewahren und sich ihren Konsumenten als einzigartig und außergewöhnlich präsentieren. „Different Thinking&#8221; und Innovationsmanagement spielen daher bei der strategischen Planung eine sehr wichtige Rolle. Individualität steht meist im Vordergrund. In Japan hingegen werden Strategien ganz anders entwickelt.</p>
<p> Schon in der Zieldefinition unterscheidet sich der japanische Zugang. Das Ziel ist sehr viel weiter definiert als im Westen. Wo Ziele in europäischen Unternehmen oft als Punkt dargestellt werden, sind sie in japanischen Modellen eher eine Fläche. Natürlich gibt es Vorgaben, was erreicht werden sollen, allerdings ist der Spielraum etwas größer als im Westen. Ein weiterer wichtiger Unterschied liegt in der Ausrichtung der Strategie. Japanische Unternehmen zielen nicht in erster Linie darauf ab, sich von anderen Unternehmen abzugrenzen oder zu unterscheiden. Viele japanische Strategien warden in Beziehung oder in Abstimmung mit anderen Unternehmen entwickelt. Oft werden erfolgreiche Strategien einfach kopiert oder leicht abgewandelt übernommen. Der Grund dafür ist zum einen Teil die hohe Gruppenorientiertheit japanischer Firmen, aber auch ihre Tendenz, Risiken zu vermeiden. Es ist leichter und ungefährlicher, erfolgreiche Konzepte zu übernehmen (oder zu kopieren) als sich</p>
<p>ganz allein gegen den Strom zu stellen und eventuell dabei zu scheitern. Auch die strategische Planung unterscheidet sich in Ost und West. Westliche Unternehmen entwickeln mehrere Strategien und können gegebenenfalls zwischen ihnen wechseln. Falls die geplante Strategie nicht durchführbar ist, kann das Unternehmen von Plan A zu Plan B übergehen. Das bedeutet, dass eine geplante Strategie abgebrochen und verworfen werden kann und zu einer neuen übergegangen wird. Eine komplette Planänderung ist daher kein Problem und kann in einem europäischen Unternehmen auch vergleichsweise schnell und einfach entschieden werden.</p>
<p>Nicht so in Japan. Japanische Unternehmen gehen bei erfolglosen Strategien anders vor. Hier ist es nicht möglich, von Plan A zu Plan B zu wechseln. Die Entscheidungsstrukturen sind in Japan sehr komplex und sehr stark von persönlichen Beziehungen geprägt. Jeder Abbruch oder Plan-Änderung wird so zu einem massiven Arbeits- und Kommunikationsaufwand.</p>
<p> Japanern fällt es außerordentlich schwer, eine geplante Strategie abzubrechen, selbst wenn sie sehr unsinnig oder auch unrentabel erscheint. Außerdem sind schon so viele weitere Akteure involviert, dass es auch viele soziale Risiken birgt, einfach zu Plan B überzugehen. Die japanische Einstellung, auf keinen Fall aufgeben zu wollen, tut ihr Übriges. In Japan werden erfolglose Strategien daher so lange abgewandelt oder adaptiert, bis sie zur Erreichung des Unternehmensziels führen. „We make it happen&#8221;, sagte mir ein japanischer Manager einmal zu diesem Thema. Auf keinen Fall könne man in der Gemeinschaft beschlossene Strategien einfach über Bord werfen und etwas ganz anderes versuchen.</p>
<h3> Warum Japaner uns unflexibel finden</h3>
<p>Es wundert daher nicht, dass die unterschiedlichen Zugänge in der interkulturellen Zusammenarbeit zu Konflikten führen. In einer Interviewserie, die ich vor drei Jahren unter japanischen und deutschen Managern durchführte, äußerten sich beide Seiten über die Unflexibilität der anderen. Deutsche Interviewpartner beschwerten sich, dass ihre japanischen Kollegen es sehr schwer finden, eine Strategie (A) nicht einfach sein zu lassen und zum erfolgreicheren Plan B überwechseln können. Japaner hingegen fanden es irritierend und sehr ungeduldig, dass deutsche Kollegen, nicht alles versuchen, um eine beschlossene Strategie so weit abzuwandeln und das Ziel dann doch zu erreichen.</p>
<p> Lernmöglichkeiten gibt es daher auf beiden Seiten. Westliche Manager könnten sich die japanische Hartnäckigkeit in der Strategieadaption zu Herzen nehmen. Oft wird in europäischen Unternehmen zu schnell auf Plan B zugegriffen und vielleicht ist der „gambaru&#8221;-Spirit auch für uns manchmal zu empfehlen. Auf der anderen Seite kann es auch von Vorteil sein, unrentable Strategien und Konzepte über Bord zu werfen und Raum für neue Ideen zu schaffen. Vielen japanischen Unternehmen fällt gerade das besonders schwer, würde aber oft besser auf eine wettbewerbsorientiertere und globalere Zukunft vorbereiten.</p>
<h3> Dr. Parissa Haghirian</h3>
<p>ist Associate Professor of International Management an der Sophia-Universität in Tokyo. Ihre Forschungsschwerpunkte beinhalten japanisches Management und Marketing, interkulturelle Kommunikation sowie Markteintritte in Asien. Ihr neues Buch „Innovation and Change in Japanese Management&#8221; ist im Januar bei Palgrave Macmillan erschienen. Mehr Informationen unter <a href="http://www.parissahaghirian.com">www.parissahaghirian.com</a>.</p>
<p>Read the full article here</p>
<h3><a href="http://parissahaghirian.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/ist-japanisches-management-strategisch_von-parissa-haghirian.pdf">ist-japanisches-management-strategisch_von-parissa-haghirian</a></h3>
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		<title>Parissa is a Visiting Professor at Aalto University in Finnland</title>
		<link>http://parissahaghirian.com/parissas-life-in-japan/parissa-is-a-visiting-professor-at-aalto-university-in-finnland/</link>
		<comments>http://parissahaghirian.com/parissas-life-in-japan/parissa-is-a-visiting-professor-at-aalto-university-in-finnland/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 02 Mar 2010 15:17:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Parissa Haghirian</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Parissa`s Life in Japan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://parissahaghirian.com/?p=1327</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[As every year I teach a course at Aalto University in Mikkeli, Finnland (formerly Helsinki School of Economics). This year its snow, snow and more snow. Students are lovely and study hard.
Here are the pics





 


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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://parissahaghirian.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/picture-0121.jpg"></a>As every year I teach a course at Aalto University in Mikkeli, Finnland (formerly Helsinki School of Economics). This year its snow, snow and more snow. Students are lovely and study hard.</p>
<p>Here are the pics</p>
<p><a href="http://parissahaghirian.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/picture-0091.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1335" title="picture-0091" src="http://parissahaghirian.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/picture-0091-480x320.jpg" alt="picture-0091" width="480" height="320" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://parissahaghirian.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/picture-009.jpg"></a></p>
<p><a href="http://parissahaghirian.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/picture-012.jpg"></a></p>
<p><a href="http://parissahaghirian.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/picture-004.jpg"></a></p>
<p><img title="picture-0121" src="http://parissahaghirian.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/picture-0121-480x320.jpg" alt="picture-0121" width="480" height="320" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="http://parissahaghirian.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/picture-004.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1331" title="View from a Finnish Room" src="http://parissahaghirian.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/picture-004-480x320.jpg" alt="View from a Finnish Room" width="480" height="320" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://parissahaghirian.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/picture-005.jpg"></a></p>
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		<title>Press: Parissa on CBSnews.com</title>
		<link>http://parissahaghirian.com/parissas-life-in-japan/parissa-on-cbsnewscom/</link>
		<comments>http://parissahaghirian.com/parissas-life-in-japan/parissa-on-cbsnewscom/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 26 Feb 2010 06:55:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Parissa Haghirian</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Parissa`s Life in Japan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://parissahaghirian.com/?p=1321</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Toyota Head Faces Culture Shock in U.S.
Akio Toyoda Will Endure Tough Question-and-Answer Session Wednesday With American Lawmakers Over Toyota Recalls
 (CBS/ AP)  Hailing from a corporate culture that values consensus over decisive authority, Toyota President Akio Toyoda is in for a culture shock when he faces a barrage of questions Wednesday from U.S. lawmakers about quality [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Toyota Head Faces Culture Shock in U.S.</h2>
<h2>Akio Toyoda Will Endure Tough Question-and-Answer Session Wednesday With American Lawmakers Over Toyota Recalls</h2>
<p><strong> (CBS/ AP) </strong> Hailing from a corporate culture that values consensus over decisive authority, Toyota President Akio Toyoda is in for a culture shock when he faces a barrage of questions Wednesday from U.S. lawmakers about quality lapses at the automaker.</p>
<p>Top executives tend to be revered in Japan&#8217;s conservative culture, although they are generally not management professionals and are often lower paid than their American counterparts.</p>
<p>&#8220;I&#8217;m sure he is desperately getting a crash course in how to field all the tough questions,&#8221; said Ryoichi Shinozaki, a crisis management expert at Kyodo Public Relations Co. in Tokyo.</p>
<p>His advice: Stay in control, remember you&#8217;re always being watched, and, whatever you do, don&#8217;t get teary-eyed, as some Japanese company presidents under siege have done in the past to win sympathy in Japan.</p>
<p>&#8220;Americans will just think you have no business running a company,&#8221; Shinozaki said. &#8220;Stick to the key message that you will put customers first, do everything it takes and won&#8217;t allow this to happen again.&#8221;</p>
<p>In harmony-loving Japan, company heads are usually picked to be cheerleaders for the rank-and-file. Toyoda, because of his bloodline as grandson of Toyota Motor Corp.&#8217;s founder, was groomed to play that morale-boosting role.</p>
<p>He agreed to go late last week only after getting a formal invitation and as criticism flared, especially in the foreign media, that he should be the one to explain the safety lapses.</p>
<p>In three news conferences this month, Toyoda has stayed true to form as a Japanese president and left the details of the defects and quality measures to another executive. He has focused on sending the message that he is sincere and ready to correct where the esteemed &#8220;Toyota Way&#8221; of production has gone astray.</p>
<p>He even wrote an op-ed that appears in Tuesday&#8217;s Wall Street Journal. The &#8220;Toyota Way&#8221; features early and prominently, as Toyoda writes <a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704454304575081644051321722.html">&#8220;[I]ts pillars are &#8216;respect for people&#8217; and &#8216;continuous improvement.&#8217; I believe in these core principles. And I am convinced that the only way for Toyota to emerge stronger from this experience is to adhere more closely to them.</a>&#8221;</p>
<p>Parissa Haghirian, associate professor of International Management at Sophia University in Tokyo, said Japanese companies are group-oriented, and generally don&#8217;t look to one person to steer a company, unlike the West, where executives are hired for ideas and leadership.  &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;</p>
<p>Read the full story here <a href="http://bit.ly/a4mgWy">http://bit.ly/a4mgWy</a></p>
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		<title>Press: Parissa in the Japan Times &#8220;Don&#8217;t expect an assertive Toyoda&#8221;</title>
		<link>http://parissahaghirian.com/j-management/press-parissa-in-the-japan-times-dont-expect-an-assertive-toyoda/</link>
		<comments>http://parissahaghirian.com/j-management/press-parissa-in-the-japan-times-dont-expect-an-assertive-toyoda/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 25 Feb 2010 10:07:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Parissa Haghirian</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[J-Management]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://parissahaghirian.com/?p=1316</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Wednesday, Feb. 24, 2010
Don&#8217;t expect an assertive Toyoda,  Congress to see typical humble Japan boss, not take-charge type
 By YURI KAGEYAMA The Associated Press
Read the original article here http://bit.ly/d1QS10
Americans are likely in for a surprise if they expect Toyota President Akio Toyoda to put on a show of authoritative &#8220;the-buck-stops-here&#8221; clout at Wednesday&#8217;s congressional hearing on [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Wednesday, Feb. 24, 2010</p>
<h2>Don&#8217;t expect an assertive Toyoda,  Congress to see typical humble Japan boss, not take-charge type</h2>
<h3> By YURI KAGEYAMA The Associated Press</h3>
<p>Read the original article here <a href="http://bit.ly/d1QS10">http://bit.ly/d1QS10</a></p>
<p>Americans are likely in for a surprise if they expect Toyota President Akio Toyoda to put on a show of authoritative &#8220;the-buck-stops-here&#8221; clout at Wednesday&#8217;s congressional hearing on the automaker&#8217;s massive recalls.</p>
<p>In harmony-loving Japan, company heads are rarely management professionals and are picked more to be cheerleaders for the rank-and-file. Toyoda, because of his bloodline as grandson of Toyota Motor Corp.&#8217;s founder, was groomed to play that morale-boosting role.</p>
<p>&#8220;In a Japanese company, the top man isn&#8217;t the one calling the shots. He is looked up to as a symbol, a bit like the Emperor,&#8221; says Toyoaki Nishida, a business professor at Chubu University, referring to the <a title="Mouse over ^ icon to search." href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100223a6.html">Imperial family,</a> which wields no political power. &#8220;That&#8217;s why Japanese company policies don&#8217;t ever change even if presidents change.&#8221;</p>
<p>Given such differences in corporate cultures between Japan and the U.S., it wasn&#8217;t unusual that Toyoda initially said his U.S. executives were the best people to testify at the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform on Toyota&#8217;s recalls, now reaching 8.5 million vehicles globally for sticky gas pedals, braking glitches and faulty floor mats.</p>
<p>He agreed to go late last week only after getting a formal invitation and as criticism flared, especially in the foreign media, that he should be the one to explain the safety lapses.</p>
<p>In three news conferences this month, Toyoda has stayed true to form as a Japanese president and left the details of the defects and quality measures to another executive. He has focused on sending the message that he is sincere and ready to correct where the esteemed &#8220;Toyota Way&#8221; of production has gone astray.</p>
<p>Parissa Haghirian, an associate professor of international management at Sophia University in Tokyo, said Japanese firms are group-oriented and generally don&#8217;t look to one person to steer them, unlike the West, where executives are hired for ideas and leadership.</p>
<p>Japanese presidents are team leaders who coordinate everyone&#8217;s views and care intensely about peer opinion because confrontation must be avoided, she said.</p>
<p>This nation has a special phrase to describe such behind-the-scenes consensus-building, &#8220;nemawashi,&#8221; which translates as &#8220;laying the groundwork.&#8221; Neglecting nemawashi is considered a foolish and sure way to walk into failure. Nemawashi is bureaucratic and time-consuming, but once a decision is made everyone is on the same page and action proceeds quickly without infighting.</p>
<p>&#8220;There is usually no strong leader who can push radical change within a Japanese firm,&#8221; Haghirian said. &#8220;In the meetings I have seen, members would rather wait a bit longer, see what happens and then have another meeting instead of taking action right away.&#8221;</p>
<p>Japanese managers build their careers by moving up within the company. Job-hopping isn&#8217;t as common as in the U.S., and it is unusual for top executives to be recruited from outside the company. That makes for insular management that may be clueless about what&#8217;s happening outside their companies, she said.</p>
<p>At Nissan Motor Co., it took a foreigner, <a title="Mouse over ^ icon to search." href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20000621b1.html">Carlos Ghosn,</a> a Brazilian-born Frenchman of Lebanese ancestry who arrived in 1999, to slash jobs, get rid of money-losing units and save the automaker from bankruptcy - a task no Japanese president at the carmaker had dared to tackle.</p>
<p>&#8220;A Japanese company president has to seek consensus through patient meetings, gentle and shrewd nemawashi, and all sorts of very subtle backroom dealings and such,&#8221; said Roland Kelts, a lecturer at the <a title="Mouse over ^ icon to search." href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn19990201a5.html">University of Tokyo.</a> &#8220;It&#8217;s a much greater, more sophisticated and complex balancing act.&#8221;</p>
<p>Toyoda is relatively cosmopolitan - for a Japanese president.</p>
<p>But his lack of English fluency is the norm among even well-educated Japanese, including those hailing from top universities like <a title="Mouse over ^ icon to search." href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20040622b1.html">Keio University,</a> Toyoda&#8217;s alma mater.</p>
<p>Admission at such universities call for intensive study, but conversational English isn&#8217;t one of the requirements. English courses tend to be pedantic, focusing on grammatical rules, and starting foreign-language lessons in childhood is rare.</p>
<p>Toyoda, who has a business degree from Babson College in Massachusetts, has no problems reading an English statement, but his halting English at news conferences indicates he will struggle to improvise answers when faced with a grilling from lawmakers.</p>
<p>In another telling contrast of corporate cultures, Japanese chief executives are also paid far less than their American counterparts.</p>
<p>At last year&#8217;s shareholders meeting, Toyota disclosed the overall tally of ¥1.6 trillion paid to 33 board members - about ¥48 million each. Compensation disclosure regulations aren&#8217;t as tight in Japan as in the U.S., and companies aren&#8217;t required to break down what each director made.</p>
<p>The average figure for Toyota directors is only slightly higher than the average for Japanese companies calculated by Sanro Research Institute at ¥36 million.</p>
<p>By contrast, Ford Motor Co. Chief Executive Alan Mulally&#8217;s compensation in 2008 was valued at $17.7 million, including stock options and other perks.</p>
<p>Stock options are limited in Japan, though presidents do get chauffeur-driven limousines, expense accounts and sometimes private jets.</p>
<p>Toyoda, however, is widely viewed as having more at stake than the average Japanese president. He owns more than 4.5 million shares in Toyota, largely inherited from his family, though that is less than 1 percent of all Toyota shares. Toyota dividends last year were ¥100 a share.</p>
<p>Toyoda has shown another difference: He has apologized to customers for inconvenience and worries, but only bowed in a routine greeting, not in ceremonial apology.</p>
<p>Kabukiesque atonement for Japanese company heads typically comes as a deep bow held for several seconds to show heartfelt remorse for wrongdoing. The president may then announce he is stepping down in symbolic &#8220;hara-kiri&#8221; to be replaced by another equally symbolic president.</p>
<p>Some Japanese crisis-management experts criticized Toyoda for neglecting protocol by dispensing with the humble bow. What awaits in Congress could be far more testing.</p>
<p>&#8220;Unless he goes extremely prepared, American people are going to wonder what he is doing if he approaches this as though he is addressing Japanese people,&#8221; said Nishida, the business professor. &#8220;He didn&#8217;t claw his way to the top. He was just placed on a pedestal. He became president in the most unfortunate of situations in the most unfortunate of times.&#8221;</p>
<p>Find the podcast on Japanese decision making processes here</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/bpRVC4">http://bit.ly/bpRVC4</a></p>
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		<title>Podcast Episode 21 Decision Making Processes in Japanese Management</title>
		<link>http://parissahaghirian.com/podcasts/podcast-episode-21-decision-making-processes-in-japanese-management/</link>
		<comments>http://parissahaghirian.com/podcasts/podcast-episode-21-decision-making-processes-in-japanese-management/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 23 Feb 2010 08:09:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Parissa Haghirian</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Podcasts]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://parissahaghirian.com/?p=1308</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[

This is the twenty-first podcast episode of the Management in Japan podcast series of Sophia University Students.
Podcast Episode 21
Decision Making Processes in Japanese Management narrated by   Klaus     Kärki

Slides Decision Making Processes in Japanese Management by Klaus     Kärki
The podcasts and slides are part of a student project [...]]]></description>
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<div>
<p>This is the twenty-first podcast episode of the Management in Japan podcast series of Sophia University Students.</p>
<h3>Podcast Episode 21</h3>
<h3><strong>Decision Making Processes in Japanese Management narrated b</strong>y   Klaus    <!--StartFragment--> Kärki<!--EndFragment--></h3>
<h3><strong></strong></h3>
<h3>Slides <a href="http://parissahaghirian.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/21_decision_making_in_japanese_management_by_klaus_karki.ppt"><strong><strong>Decision Making </strong><strong>Processes in Japanese Management</strong></strong></a> by Klaus    <!--StartFragment--> Kärki</h3>
<p>The podcasts and slides are part of a student project related to the book &#8220;J-Management; Fresh Perspectives on the Japanese Firm in the 21st Century&#8221; edited by Dr. Parissa Haghirian of <a href="http://www.fla.sophia.ac.jp/">Sophia University</a> in Tokyo.</div>
</div>
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		<title>Podcast Episode 20 Japanese Business Negotiations</title>
		<link>http://parissahaghirian.com/podcasts/podcast-episode-20-japanese-business-negotiations/</link>
		<comments>http://parissahaghirian.com/podcasts/podcast-episode-20-japanese-business-negotiations/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 08 Feb 2010 11:34:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Parissa Haghirian</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Podcasts]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://parissahaghirian.com/?p=1300</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[

This is the twentieth podcast episode of the Management in Japan podcast series of Sophia University Students.
Podcast Episode 20
Japanese Business Negotiations narrated by Will Colson

Slides Japanese Business Negotiations by Will Colson

The podcasts and slides are part of a student project related to the book &#8220;J-Management; Fresh Perspectives on the Japanese Firm in the 21st Century&#8221; edited by [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>
<div>
<p>This is the twentieth podcast episode of the Management in Japan podcast series of Sophia University Students.</p>
<h3>Podcast Episode 20</h3>
<h3><strong>Japanese Business Negotiations narrated by Will Colson</strong></h3>
<h3><strong></strong></h3>
<h3>Slides <a href="http://parissahaghirian.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/20_japanese_business_negotiations_by_will_colson.ppt">Japanese Business Negotiations</a> by Will Colson</h3>
<p><strong></strong><br />
The podcasts and slides are part of a student project related to the book &#8220;J-Management; Fresh Perspectives on the Japanese Firm in the 21st Century&#8221; edited by Dr. Parissa Haghirian of <a href="http://www.fla.sophia.ac.jp/">Sophia University</a> in Tokyo.</div>
</div>
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		<title>Podcast Episode 19 Knowledge Management in Japan</title>
		<link>http://parissahaghirian.com/podcasts/podcast-episode-19-knowledge-management-in-japan/</link>
		<comments>http://parissahaghirian.com/podcasts/podcast-episode-19-knowledge-management-in-japan/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 23 Jan 2010 14:55:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Parissa Haghirian</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Podcasts]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://parissahaghirian.com/?p=1292</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[
This is the ninteenth podcast episode of the Management in Japan podcast series of Sophia University Students.
Podcast Episode 19
Knowledge Management in Japan narrated by Andrew Kleckner

Slides Knowledge Management in Japan by Andrew Kleckner

The podcasts and slides are part of a student project related to the book &#8220;J-Management; Fresh Perspectives on the Japanese Firm in the 21st [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>
<p>This is the ninteenth podcast episode of the Management in Japan podcast series of Sophia University Students.</p>
<h3><strong>Podcast Episode 19</strong></h3>
<h3><strong>Knowledge Management in Japan narrated by Andrew Kleckner</strong></h3>
<h3><strong></strong></h3>
<h3>Slides <a href="http://parissahaghirian.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/19_knowledge_management_in_japan_by_andrew_kleckner.ppt">Knowledge Management in Japan</a> by Andrew Kleckner</h3>
<p><strong></strong><br />
The podcasts and slides are part of a student project related to the book &#8220;J-Management; Fresh Perspectives on the Japanese Firm in the 21st Century&#8221; edited by Dr. Parissa Haghirian of <a href="http://www.fla.sophia.ac.jp/">Sophia University</a> in Tokyo.</div>
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		<title>New Article: Consumer marketing goes 2.0 in Tokyo as the customers take control</title>
		<link>http://parissahaghirian.com/parissas-life-in-japan/parissas-new-article-consumer-marketing-goes-20-in-tokyo-as-the-customers-take-control/</link>
		<comments>http://parissahaghirian.com/parissas-life-in-japan/parissas-new-article-consumer-marketing-goes-20-in-tokyo-as-the-customers-take-control/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 15 Jan 2010 07:18:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Parissa Haghirian</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Parissa`s Life in Japan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://parissahaghirian.com/?p=1284</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Evolution; Consumer marketing goes 2.0 in Tokyo as the customers take control
ACCJ Journal. (c) 2010.
In the Darwinian world of consumer retail, few markets are as tough, fickle, and potentially lucrative as the Japanese market. There are more than a million enterprises and 160,000 restaurants in Tokyo alone, competing for the attention of around 35 million [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Evolution; Consumer marketing goes 2.0 in Tokyo as the customers take control</h2>
<p><a href="http://accjjournal.com">ACCJ Journal.</a> (c) 2010.</p>
<p>In the Darwinian world of consumer retail, few markets are as tough, fickle, and potentially lucrative as the Japanese market. There are more than a million enterprises and 160,000 restaurants in Tokyo alone, competing for the attention of around 35 million consumers. Trends come and go on a weekly basis.</p>
<p>Japanese companies have to stand out in order to create attention and keep consumers interested. To do this, companies either need to follow a trend right away or start one for themselves. Consumer marketing in Tokyo is constantly evolving, often innovative and always competitive. As a laboratory of techniques, Tokyo can offer potential tools to markets further afield.</p>
<h3>Brands in Japan are reinventing themselves</h3>
<p>Japanese consumers love brands. In the world of luxury goods, where exclusivity is the key component of marketing, Japan stands apart. The nation is said to be the world&#8217;s only luxury mass market with surveys indicating that almost all Japanese women own at least one Louis Vuitton item. The brand is thought to be the favorite among the consumer conscious Japanese public.</p>
<p>But this does not mean that consumers are always brand loyal. Once a brand becomes &#8220;uncool&#8221; or does not offer the expected value anymore, consumers easily switch to a competitor&#8217;s brand. So, in a market where consumers of all income brackets buy expensive brands, how do marketers ensure that brands stay exclusive? In order to combat this problem, Japanese brand managers have developed a number of ideas to keep their brands attractive to consumers.</p>
<p>Leading again here is Louis Vuitton. The company opened its first concept store in Tokyo, in cooperation with the Seibu Department store chain. Louis Vuitton Underground in Ikebukuro presents LV products in an environment that would have never been previously associated with the brand - a construction site. Meanwhile, other brands have entered a completely new field: the service industry. Bulgari in Omotesando has started serving handmade, Italian-style chocolate. Real Bulgari fans can even go so far as traveling to Bali to stay at the company&#8217;s own resort. Furla, the Italian leather manufacturer, also offers coffee at its Ginza shop and invites customers to participate in Furla Yoga in Aoyama. Taking a different tack again, Chanel teamed up with France&#8217;s chef Alain Ducasse to give Chanel customers the chance to wine and dine in an exclusive restaurant on top of the Chanel building.</p>
<p>Brands represent their customers&#8217; lifestyle and the overall brand experience is perceived to be enriched by these new activities and ideas. Customers can now feel and experience the brand with all of their senses. This in turn improves brand loyalty and gives many traditional brands a new, cooler and younger image.</p>
<h3>Consumers involved in product design</h3>
<p>Consumers are increasingly interested in customized and individualized products and, consequently, business models which help customers design their own products are booming. As consumers seek out unique, personalized products, they are also becoming interested in customizing the products they buy. Bling Me, a company which helps customers personalize their mobile phones, bicycles, etc. with shiny stones, is one example of a company that has based its business model on customers&#8217; desires to create their own products. Some brands even go a step further and include customers in their product design processes. Soup manufacturer Maruchan and beverage company Calpis have even starting asking their consumers to vote for their favorite flavors each year.</p>
<p>Integrating customers in product development processes comes with rewards. Customers feel more attached to the products and show more interest in the overall brand. The company meanwhile can create greater customer feedback and launch campaigns that specifically target their customers&#8217; wishes and ideas.</p>
<h3>Social networks go offline</h3>
<p>As in every major city, Tokyo has a growing number of customers who live alone. The number of single households or households without children in Tokyo has steadily increased over the past several years. People are increasingly lonely and desire more social interaction and contact with one another.</p>
<p>This need has resulted in Japanese companies creating opportunities for social networking beyond the Internet models to connect consumers in the physical world. Leading in this field are the Japanese railway companies. Seibu Train Company started its first hiking day a few years ago. This was soon followed by initiatives by Tokyo Metro and other major railway lines around the capital. The companies organize guided tours in certain locations for interested customers. These free events have developed a strong, ever-expanding fan base.</p>
<p>Another well-known example of this trend is an event started by sporting goods producer Asics. The company is famous for sponsoring the Tokyo sightseeing run, which covers all major sights of Tokyo in a 15km run. Other runs target women, beginners, and early morning runners, and are offered every day. Again, all of these events are free of charge, but it&#8217;s evident that consumers become avid fans of them and eventually all of the companies start offering them.</p>
<p>Social meetings of consumers also support difficult purchase decisions. Tokyo real estate developers, for instance, offer seminars for women (their new target group) who plan to buy apartments. These seminars allow potential buyers to meet each other and often lead to more positive purchase decisions in the end.</p>
<p>Connecting with consumers has a positive effect on a company&#8217;s long-term strategy. Consumers become fans of the brand which in turn will positively influence their purchasing decisions in the future.</p>
<h3>Simplifying product choices</h3>
<p>As the number and speed of new products being introduced to the market dramatically increases, more and more consumers find it difficult to make purchase decisions. This can happen simply because they are worried about buying the wrong product or missing a bargain. These overwhelmed consumers tend to buy products later than others or not buy them at all. This is a trend not only in Tokyo, but in most industrialized countries. Shoppers feel increasingly out of the loop when it comes to new products and the advanced technologies that often accompany them.</p>
<p>Companies in Japan have started tackling this dilemma by developing products and business models that help customers make quick and simple purchase decisions. KDDI, for example, introduced the Kantan Keitai, a mobile phone that strips away all the complicated and high-tech gadgets that are the standard for most Japanese mobile phones. The company&#8217;s target group are consumers who want to simply buy and use the talk feature of a mobile phone.</p>
<h3>ACCJ-Evolution-phone310</h3>
<p>Simple and low risk product choices are the base of Ranking-Ranqueen&#8217;s business model. The company targets consumers who might shy away from buying simply because the choice of potential products is too overwhelming. Based on the best selling items of its parent company, the Tokyu department store chain, Ranking-Ranqueen produces a ranking of the most popular products each week. The hit products in each category are displayed in the shops and consumers do not have to come to any decision as to which product is the best. The concept has already been copied by big retail chains. In theory, this lowers the risk of customers buying a product that might turn out to be wrong for them or of low quality. In turn, customers show higher satisfaction with their purchases and place greater trust in the company.</p>
<p>Tokyo offers a wide variety of innovative marketing techniques and strategies that are constantly evolving due to the high competition. Tokyo&#8217;s consumer groups represent the future of all industrialized societies. The number of baby boomers, singles and overwhelmed consumers is on the rise around the world. The way Tokyo caters to these groups and adapts products to them can provide a lesson for other nations.</p>
<p>As knowledge about the marketing innovations in Japan becomes more widespread, Japanese marketing may become the new focus of Japanese management training over the next couple of years.</p>
<h3>The authors</h3>
<p>Dr. Parissa Haghirian is associate Professor of International Management at the Faculty of Liberal Arts at Sophia University in Tokyo and Editor of &#8220;J-Management: Fresh Perspectives of the Japanese Firm in the 21st Century.&#8221;<br />
She is also the author of the soon to be published book &#8220;Innovation and Change in Japanese Management.&#8221;<br />
<a href="http://parissahaghirian.com">www.parissahaghirian.com</a></p>
<p>Additional Research by Paul Gaspari. Gaspari is a masters student of International Business and Development at the Faculty of Liberal Arts at Sophia University in Tokyo.<br />
<a href="http://www.paulgaspari.com">www.paulgaspari.com</a></p>
<p>Read the original article here</p>
<p><a href="http://accjjournal.com/evolution/">Evolution; Consumer marketing goes 2.0 in Tokyo as the customers take control by Parissa Haghirian and Paul Gaspari<br />
</a></p>
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